Sisi Gelap Kontrak Kerja Idola K-pop Naungan SM Entertainment

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Super Junior tiba untuk 4 Gaon Bagan K-POP Awards di Olympic Park pada 28 Januari 2015. Seoul, Korea Selatan. Foto/Chung Sung-Juni / Getty Images

SM Entertainment Group, salah satu perusahaan hiburan di Korea Selatan yang menaungi grup-grup idola besar seperti Super Junior (Suju), SNSD, TVXQ, EXO, dll melakukan ekspansi bisnis ke Indonesia. Mereka bekerja sama dengan PT Trans Media Corpora (Trans Media) membentuk usaha patungan di bidang gaya hidup, mobile platform, dan juga visual konten.

Lewat boy group penopang bisnisnya, SM akan mengisi acara ulang tahun Trans Media ke-17 pada 14-16 Desember nanti. Suju dan Hyoyeon SNSD akan datang memeriahkan pesta musik Trans Media selama tiga hari berturut-turut. Sudah enam kali boy grup itu menggelar konser di Indonesia, yang terakhir, menjadi penutup di pagelaran Asian Games 2018 kemarin.

SM Entertainment adalah perusahaan hiburan yang masuk tiga besar di Korea bersama YG Entertainment dan JYP Entertainment. Lee Soo-man mendirikan SM pada tahun 1995 dan berhasil menjadi tonggak kebangkitan industri musik Korea dengan menelurkan boy grup H.O.T di tahun 1966, lalu girl group S.E.S di tahun 1997, dan Shinwa di tahun 1998.

Namun, di balik nama besar SM, hampir setiap tahunnya mereka membikin berita heboh soal kontrak kerja yang dianggap tak adil bagi para artisnya. Tak terkecuali pada tiga grup pionir K-Pop tersebut. Pada kasus H.O.T, SM diduga pilih kasih: ada personel yang isi kontraknya lebih menguntungkan dibanding personel lain. Akhirnya, hanya dua dari lima anggota bertahan dengan kontrak SM.

Begitu juga yang terjadi pada S.E.S dan Shinwa. Girl group pertama asuhan SM itu dilarang tampil berpromosi secara individu, klausul kerjasama seperti itu dianggap tidak menguntungkan. Eugene, Bada, dan Shoo memilih bubar saat berada di puncak karir. Terakhir, Shinhwa, SM memperpanjang kontrak semua personel, kecuali Dong Wan. Karena personel lain tidak setuju, maka mereka pilih mengundurkan diri dari SM dan memilih agensi lain.

Shinhwa dan SM harus melewati masa persidangan panjang untuk memperebutkan penggunaan label Shinhwa, dan mereka memenangkannya di tahun 2003. Ketidakadilan dalam kontrak budak SM juga menimpa grup penopang bisnis mereka, Suju dan SNSD. Tahun 2014, Sone, sebutan bagi penggemar SNSD dibuat geger dengan pernyataan SM yang menyebut Jessica, salah satu vokalis utama SNSD telah keluar dari grup.

“Secara mendadak aku didepak karena mencoba berbisnis,” kata Jessica seperti dilansir dari AllKpop. Di tahun yang sama, Jessica mengeluarkan label fesyen bernama Blanc & Eclare. 

Setelah Jessica keluar, tiga personel lain menyusul. Seohyun dan Tiffany tak memperpanjang kontrak karena ingin berkarier solo, sementara Sooyoung memilih melanjutkan karier sebagai aktris. Beberapa agensi memang menerapkan larangan menikah saat para personel berada dalam grup. Ada kepercayaan bahwa setelah menikah para idola akan kehilangan penggemar, dan aturan ini diberlakukan kepada para anggota SNSD.

Persoalan dalam Kontrak SM Entertainment

Super Junior, grup yang terbentuk pada 2005 ini mengeluarkan album debut dengan 13 anggota. Namun, lama-lama mereka menyusut dan saat ini hanya menyisakan tujuh anggota aktif. Tahun 2009 adalah awal mula Suju goyah. Anggota yang direkrut dari hasil seleksi di Beijing, Han Geng menggugat SM karena merasa mendapat perlakuan buru selama empat tahun masa kontrak berjalan.

Pemimpin Super Junior-M ini mengungkap bahwa SM telah menyodorkan kontrak tak manusiawi selama 13 tahun. Selama kontrak berjalan, Han Geng yang berasal dari Cina dilarang pulang ke kampung halaman. Ia bahkan sempat dipaksa menghadiri sebuah acara penghargaan meski sedang sakit.

AllKpop menyebut sang manajer sengaja menambah volume infus Han Geng agar cepat habis dan langsung mencabutnya agar ia bisa bergegas menyelesaikan agenda yang terjadwal. “Mereka mengontrol Anda. Idola harus menempatkan agensi dan grup di atas kepentingan diri sendiri,” ujar Han Geng, seperti dilansir Koraboo. 

Mantan anggota Super Junior-M yang bernama Henry, seperti dikutip dari AllKpop, menggambarkan sisi kelam SM Entertainment dan menganggapnya sebagai kesalahan. “Saya tak bisa bertahan lebih lama [di SM Entertainment]. Sudah terlanjur salah sejak 9 tahun lalu [awal kontrak].”

Anggota girl group lainnya yang diasuh oleh SM, Amber f (x) Amber pada awal tahun lalu juga sempat mengisyaratkan gejala depresi akibat ulah SM. Meski selama ini Amber dikenal menonjol dan menjadi mesin uang SM di bidang pemasaran, musik, visual, dan pekerjaan hiburan lain, ia justru dicap "tidak cukup baik" oleh SM.

“Saya terabaikan, terluka, dan dimanfaatkan. Saya lelah mental dan fisik," katanya.

Infografik SM Entertainment

Kasus kontrak yang paling ramai terjadi pada SM Entertainment adalah ketika mereka melawan mantan anak asuhnya di boy group TVXQ, yakni Kim Jaejoong, Park YooChun, dan Kim JunSu—kini dikenal sebagai JYJ. Soompi menceritakan mereka bertiga memulai debut tahun 2004 bersama Jung Yunho dan Shim Changmin. Namun, pada 2009 mereka mengajukan gugatan atas kontrak 13 tahun SM, dan memenangkannya pada 2010.

Namun, JYJ mulai saat itu dilarang menggunakan nama TVXQ, menyanyikan lagu-lagu mereka, dan tampil dalam acara musik televisi. Hingga kini, total sembilan tahun sudah JYJ hanya bermusik secara off air. Mereka tak bisa dinominasikan dalam berbagai ajang penghargaan yang diselenggarakan di televisi Korea, dan jelas tak bisa bersaing secara adil dengan musisi lain karena rilisan musiknya tak bisa dipromosikan maksimal.

“Saya merasa seperti bukan selebritas karena tidak pernah di TV,” kata JunSu, beberapa waktu lalu saat menggelar konser solonya. Pencekalan serupa oleh SM juga dirasakan Jessica mantan personel SNSD.

Meski telah sering mendapat gugatan atas penerapan kontrak budak, nampaknya SM belum juga jera. Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) pernah menyelidiki delapan perusahaan hiburan, termasuk SM Entertainment yang melakukan modifikasi terhadap klausul kontrak mereka.

Soompi menyebut tahun lalu KFTC meminta SM menghapus poin pembatalan kontrak sepihak dalam pasal 6.3 kontrak artis mereka. Klausul itu menyebut bahwa agensi bisa membatalkan kontrak karena alasan ambigu (tidak jelas dan sewenang-wenang).

Tanggapan SM Entertainment

Menanggapi temuan tersebut, SM justru mengafirmasi bahwa kontrak yang sama juga diterapkan untuk pada trainee (calon idola yang menempuh pelatihan) mereka. Hanya saja, desakan dari KFTC sempat membikin SM berjanji akan berbenah diri.

"Mungkin ini tidak adil, tapi karena FTC berencana merevisi semua kontrak standar, maka, kami memutuskan menghapus klausul sepenuhnya," ujar perwakilan SM pada Maret 2017 lalu, seperti dilansir Soompi.

Melihat rekam jejak SM, agaknya sulit mempercayai janji yang mereka umbar untuk menerapkan kontrak lebih adil. Sebelumnya, pada 2010, temuan dan usulan yang sama pernah juga diajukan oleh FTC, tapi SM bergeming. Selama industri dengan cara produksi ini terus memberi pemasukan bagi agensi dan negara, satu hal sulit berubah: ketakadilan kontrak dengan para idola.

Sang-hyuk Im, seorang pengacara di bidang hiburan, mengatakan kepada BBC bahwa belum banyak budaya negosiasi di Asia.

“Terutama jika Anda adalah anak baru di industri tersebut," katanya.

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