Beberapa Istilah Dalam Sholat yang Harus Kamu Ketahui

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Sebagaimana firman Allah bahwa shalat bagi orang mukmin adalah kewajiban yang wakunya sudah ditentukan.

Orang mukmin sendiri dalam menjalankan kewajiban itu terkadang karena suatu hal yang sangat mendesak tidak dapat menjalankan sesuai alokasi waktu yang ditentukan syariat.

Dari sinilah kemudian muncul istilah ada’, qadha’, dan i’adah.

Dalam pemngertian shalat ada’ diartikan dengan menjalankan shalat dalam batas waktu yang telah ditentukan.

Termasuk dalam ada’ menurut Madzhab Hanafiyyah apabila seseorang mendapatkan kira-kira sekedar takhbiratul ihram di akhir waktu shalat.

Sementara Syafi’iyah berpendapat bahwa seseorang itu shalat ada’ apabila mendapatkan satu rakaat sebelum berakhir waktunya.

Sedangkan qadha’ diartikan dengan melaksanakan shalat di luar waktu yang ditentukan sebagai pengganti shalat yang ditinggalkan karena unsur kesengajaan, lupa, memungkinkan atau tidak memungkinkan dalam pelaksanaan shalat tersebut.

Ditinjau dari sisi hukum, sebenarnya antara qadha’ dan ada’ adalah sama, yaitu sama-sama wajib sebagaimana diungkapkan al-Imam Abu Hamid bin Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Ghazali dalam kitabnya Fawatikhu rakhamut bahwa kewajiban itu ada dua yaitu ada’ dan qadha’.

Hanya saja pelaksanaan dan nilainya yang berbeda. yang satu dilaksanakan tepat waktu, satu yang lain tidak, sehingga berdosa.

Tetapi terlepas dari berdosa atau tidak, qadha’ adalah tindakan indisipliner yang akan mengurangi nilai seorang hamba dengan Tuhannya.

Lalu bagaimana dengan i’adah?

Menurut istilah para fuqaha, i’adah diartikan dengan menjalankan shalat yang sama untuk keduakalinya pada waktunya atau tidak.

Karena dalam shalat yang pertama terdapat cacat atau karena ada shalat kedua yang lebih tinggi tingkat afdhaliyahnya.

Shalat i’adah ada yang wajib, tidak wajib dan sunnah. I’adah yang wajib diantaranya apabila seseorang tidak menemukan atau memiliki sesuatu yang mensucikan untuk bersuci (air, debu), dalam kondisi waktu yang terbatas, ia tetap wajib shalat meski tidak bersuci dan kemudian wajib i’adah pada waktu yang lain setelah mendapatkan sesuatu yang bisa dipergunakan untuk bersuci.

Hal ini mengingat bersuci adalah syarat shalat. (Fawatikhu Rakhamut: I, 36, al-Majmu’: 3, 132).

Contoh lain apabila seseorang shalat tidak menghadap kiblat meskipun telah berijtihad kecuali ijtihaditu dengan melaksanakan shalat ke empat arah. (al-Majmu’: III, 304).

Begitu pula dengan seseorang yang melaksanakan shalat tanpa mengetahui waktu, maka wajib i’adah sebagaimana disampaikan qadhi Abu Thoyyib dan Abu Hamid al-Ghazali.

Adapun yang tidak wajib I’adah seperti seseorang yang shalat tanpa menutup sebagian atau seluruh aurat karena memang tidak punya sama sekali.

Sedangkan yang sunnah i’adah adalah apabila ada shalat kedua yang lebih afdhal, seperti orang yang sudah shalat sendirian atau berjamaah.

Kemudian dalam waktu yang tidak lama ada jamaah yang lebih banyak, maka ia disunnahkan i’adah mengikuti jamaah yang kedua.

Dengan demikian, shalat i’adah tidaklah seperti shalat ada’ atau qadha’.

Pertama, i’adah tidak berfungsi menggantikan shalat sebelumnya, karena pada prinsipnya shalat yang pertama adalah shalat yang sah.

Kedua, i’adah ada yang wajib, tidak wajib, dan ada yang sunnah. Hal ini tidak seperti ada’ dan qadha’ yang keduanya sama-sama wajib.

 Ketiga, shalat i’adah yang belum dilaksanakan, karena pelakunya keburu meninggal dunia, misalnya, maka si mayit tadi tidak akan dituntut seperti qadha’ yang belum dilaksanakan.

Sumber: islami.co

HALAMAN SELANJUTNYA:

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